Carroll, Meredith

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Professor | College of Aeronautics

Director | ATLAS Lab - Advancing Technology-interaction and Learning in Aviation Systems

mcarroll@fit.edu
(321) 674-8374
George M. Skurla Hall, 221B

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Personal Overview

Dr. Meredith Carroll is a Professor of Aviation Human Factors and Director of the Advancing Technology-interaction and Learning in Aviation Systems (ATLAS) Lab at Florida Institute of Technology’s College of Aeronautics. She has over 20 years of experience studying human/team performance and training in complex systems. Her research focuses on decision making in complex systems, cognition and learning, human-autonomy teaming, performance and expertise assessment, and adaptive training. She has been funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR), the Office of Naval Research (ONR), the Army Research Laboratory (ARL), and the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) to study different facets of these areas. She also worked at the Kennedy Space Center conducting user-centered design of International Space Station payloads, processing facilities and ground support equipment. She teaches a range of human factors courses aimed at giving students practical, hands-on experience in applying theories of cognition and learning to optimize performance in a range of situations from aviation to defense.

Some of her recent research projects include research currently funded by AFOSR to study trust in heterogeneous, multi-level human-agent teams, including interventions to ensure proper calibration of human trust in agents/autonomous systems and strategies to repair trust after a trust violation. She is also currently funded by NASA to conduct user-centered design of a multi-vehicle ground control station for an Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) concept of operations, including conduct of user needs analysis with operational users, and iterative design, prototype development and empirical evaluation. She is also currently funded through the Naval Air Warfare Center to study the effectiveness of adaptive training strategies that adapt flight simulator scenario difficulty based on performance and/or mental effort. She is also conducting research examining information requirements and pilot interface design for electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) aircraft, such as novel eVTOL battery information displays. Other recent research includes research funded by ONR to examine instructional strategies to engage and educate under represented minorities (women and minorities) in the field of cybersecurity, including development, implementation, and empirical evaluation of a pilot training curriculum for local high schools.

Educational Background

Ph.D. Applied Experimental/Human Factors Psychology, University of Central Florida, 2010
M.S. Aviation Science, Florida Institute of Technology, 2003
B.S. Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, 2001

Professional Experience

Tenured Professor, Florida Tech, College of Aeronautics (2021-Present)

Associate Professor, Florida Tech, College of Aeronautics (2015-2021)

Senior Research Associate, Design Interactive, Inc. Orlando, FL (2005-2015): Served as Principal Investigator for the following research and development efforts:

Studied tactical decision making under stress and individual resilience to stress; developed models, measures and training techniques for improving resilience of decision making skills under stress (ONR Funded)
Developed and conducted empirical evaluation of a performance assessment and debrief system that integrated eye tracking technology to assess pilot scan strategies and cognitive state for Next Gen tactical aviation training (AFRL funded)
Evaluated low cost physiological sensors for integration into training tools to assess cognitive and affective states (ARL Funded)
Developed and evaluated tools for measuring training effectiveness and Return on Training Investment (ONR, AFRL Funded)
Developed trainee modeling techniques utilizing affective sate, cognitive states and behavioral performance (ONR Funded)
Designed and empirical evaluated eye tracking measures and virtual training tools to assess and remediate perceptual skills including visual search, detection and recognition (ONR Funded)
Designed and evaluated multiple virtual training environments, including conduct of task analysis, requirements analysis, and training effectiveness evaluation for several military domains.
Conducted user-centered design and usability evaluation of a variety and training and operational systems in the military and aviation domains.

Adjunct Professor, Florida Tech, College of Aeronautics (2012-2014)
Courses: Human Computer Interaction

Human Factors Design Specialist, The Boeing Company, Kennedy Space Center, FL (2003- 2005)

Performed human factors analysis and design of International Space Station (ISS) payloads, support equipment, facilities, work tasks
Conducted incident investigation and root causes analysis of incidents related to ISS flight hardware, support equipment, facilities
Performed human factors requirements verification of ISS payloads
Conducted usability testing in support of NASA's Human Factors Integrated Toolkit

Additional Duties at Florida Tech

Director, Advancing Technology-interaction & Learning in Aviation Systems (ATLAS) Lab

Co-Chair, Florida Tech Women's Council, Professional Development Subcomittee

Member, Florida Tech University Committee for Promotion and Tenure

Member, College of Aeronautics Graduate Program Committee

Member, College of Aeronautics Doctoral Comprehensive Examination Committee

Member, College of Aeronautics Undergraduate Curriculum Committee

Advisor, Florida Tech Drone Club

Board Member, Florida Tech Catholic Campus Ministry

Current Courses

Introduction to Human Factors

Human Machine Systems

Human Factors in Man Machine Systems

Human Computer Interaction

Interaction Design and Usability

The Urban Air Mobility Ecosystem

Selected Publications

Peer-Reviewed Journal Publications

Wildman, J. L., Nguyen, D., Thayer, A. L., Robbins-Roth, V., Carroll, M., Carmody, K., Ficke, C., Akib, M., & Addis, A. (2024). Trust in human-agent teams: A multilevel perspective and future research agenda. Organizational Psychology Review. https://doi-org.portal.lib.fit.edu/10.1177/20413866241253278

Namukasa, M., Osman, M. C., Ficke, C., Piasecki, I., OConnor, TJ., & Carroll, M. (2024). Evaluation of an Internet of Things Device-based Educational Approach to Engage a More Diverse Cybersecurity Workforce. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2024.2314349

Osman, M. C,. Namukasa, M., Ficke, C., Piasecki, I., OConnor, TJ., & Carroll, M. (2023). Understanding how to diversify the cybersecurity workforce: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Cybersecurity Education, Research and Practice, 2023, 2(4). https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jcerp/vol2023/iss2/4

Pittorie, W., Nakushian, A., Rebensky, S., Satter, M., Chaparro-Osman, M., Hunt, L., and Carroll, M. (2023). Development of a Theoretical Model of Pilot Decision Making with Conflicting Information. The Aeronautical Journal, 127:1309, 331-345. https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2022.73

Osman, M.C., Sharma, V., Ficke, C., Mehta, R., & Wheeler, B.E., Carroll, M. (2022). Predicting Pilot-in-training Success and Persistence in a Private South Eastern United States University. Collegiate Aviation Review International.

Bhattacharyya, S., & Carroll, M. (2022). Editorial: Assuring Trustworthiness of Autonomous Systems as Intelligent and Ethical Teammates. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 9:1004094. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2022.1004094

Rebensky, S., Carmody, K., Ficke, C., Carroll, M., & Bennett, W. (2022). Teammates instead of tools: The impacts of level of autonomy on mission performance and human–agent teaming dynamics in multi-agent distributed teams. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 9. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/frobt.2022.782134

Carroll, M., Sanchez, P., & Wilt, D. (2021). An examination of pilot-reported trust and response to information conflicts experienced on the flight deck. Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 11:2, 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000209

Carroll M., & Dahlstrom, N. (2021) Human computer interaction on the modern flight deck, International Journal of Human Computer Interaction, 37:7, 585-587, DOI: 10.1080/10447318.2021.1890495

Carroll, M., Rebensky, S., Wilt, D. F., Pittorie, W., Hunt, L., Chaparro, M., & Sanchez, P. (2021). Integrating uncertified information from the electronic flight bag into the aircraft panel: impacts on pilot response. International Journal of Human Computer Interaction, 37: 7, 630-641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2020.1854001

Rebensky, S., Carroll, M., Bennett, W., & Hu, X. (2021). Impact of heads-up displays on small unmanned aircraft system operator situation awareness and performance: A simulated study. International Journal of Human Computer Interaction. DOI: 10.1080/10447318.2021.1948683

Carroll, M. & Sanchez, P. (2020). Decision making with conflicting information: Influencing factors and best practice guidelines. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomic Science. doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2020.1764660

Carroll, M., Ruble, M., Dranias, M., Rebensky, S., Chaparro, M. , Chiang, J. and Winslow, B. (2020). Automatic detection of learner engagement using machine learning and wearable sensors. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 10, 165-178. doi:10.4236/jbbs.2020.103010.

Carstens, D. S., Pittorie, W. P., Carroll, M. B., & Sanchez, P. L. (2020). Review of aviation safety databases to identify information discrepancies experienced on the flight deck: Implications for NextGen. Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 10(2), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000192

Carroll, M., Lindsey, S., Chaparro, M., & Winslow, B. (2019). An applied model of learner engagement and strategies for increasing learner engagement in the modern educational environment. Interactive Learning Environments. DOI: 10.1080/10494820.2019.1636083.

Carroll, M. & Winslow, B. (2017). Examination of the impact of condensed biofeedback training on acute stress responses. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 7, 287-303.

Champney, R. K., Stanney, K. M., Milham, L., & Carroll, M. B. (2017). An examination of virtual environment training fidelity on training effectiveness. International Journal of Learning Technology, 12(1), 42-65.

Winslow, B. D., Carroll, M. B., Martin, J. W., Surpris, G. & Chadderdon, G.L. (2015). Identification of resilient individuals and those at risk for performance deficits under stress. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 9(328). 1-10.

Conference Presentations, Proceedings and Posters

Carmody K., Sharma, V., Addis, A., Nguyen, D., Ficke, C., Thayer, A., Wildman, J., Carroll., M. (2024). Behave Yourself! Behavioral Indicators of Trust Dynamics in Human Agent Teams. Proceedings of the Annual meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/10711813241276485

Gough, C., Mann, C., Ficke, C., Namukasa, M., Carroll, M., & OConnor TJ. (2024). Remote Controlled Cyber: Toward Engaging and Educating a Diverse Cybersecurity Workforce. Proceedings of the Technical Symposium of Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE TS). Portland, OR, March 2024

Namukasa, M., Chauhan, B.B., Adorno, Y., Carmody, K., Carroll, M. (2024). Identification of Requirements for eVTOL Battery Information Displays. In AIAA Aviation 2024 Forum. https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/epdf/10.2514/6.2024-4213

Carmody. K., Bhoomin, C., Namukasa, M., Sharma, V., Carroll, M., Berkel, G., & Adorno, Y. (2023). Training Implications for Future Pilots in Advanced Air Mobility. In Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, & Education Conference (I/ITSEC), Dec 2023, Orlando, FL.

Ficke, C., Addis, A., Nguyen, D., Carmody, K., Thayer, A., Wildman, J.L, & Carroll, M. (2023, July). Measuring Trust in a Simulated Human Agent Team Task. Paper to be presented at the 14th International Conference for Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics.

Sharma, V., Carroll, M., & Mehta, R. (2023). Trends in Personality Traits of Flight Instructors: Analyzing Personality Traits Impact on Self-Efficacy and Risk Perception. United Aviation Association Annual Aviation Education Conference.

Namukasa, M., Carroll, M., Chauhan, B. B., Sharma, V., Carmody, K., & Wilt, D. (2023). Key Constructs, Measures, and Considerations for Human Factors Researchers in the Advanced Air Mobility Domain. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/21695067231200876

Namukasa, M., Carroll, M., Marraffino, M. D., Johnson, C. I., Whitmer, D. E., Igwe, W., & Nash, M. (2023). Not all pain leads to gain: The role of learner engagement in adaptive flashcard training. In: Sottilare, R.A., Schwarz, J. (eds) Adaptive Instructional Systems. HCII 2023. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14044. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34735-1_2

Chauhan, B. B., Carmody, K., Namukasa, M., Sharma, V., Berkel, G., Adorno, Y., Smith, H., & Carroll, M. (2023, June). Guidelines for Information Display Characteristics for eVTOL Pilot Interfaces. 22nd The International Symposium on Aviation Psychology [Symposium]. Rochester, New York. ATLAS Lab 2023 ISAP Presentation

Carmody, K., Rebensky, S., Ficke, C., & Carroll, M. (2023). USability Analysis of Augmented Reality Glassess for Small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS) Missions [Poster presentation]. International Symposium on aviation Psychology. Rochester, New York.

Osman, M. C., Namukasa, M., Carmody, K., Chauhan, B., Berkel, G., & Carroll, M. (2022). Perspectives for the Future: Considerations for UAM Aircraft Information Requirements. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, & Education Conference (I/ITSEC), Orlando, FL.

Sharma, V., & Carroll, M. (2022). CFIs safety behaviors at flight training schools: Understanding the effects of personality, self-efficacy, risk perception, and safety climate. National Training for Aviation Symposium. Daytona, FL.

Pittorie, W. P., Satter, M. C., & Carroll, M. (2022). Development of Upset Recovery and Basic Aerobatic Courses for Collegiate Flight Training Programs. National Training Aircraft Symposium. Daytona Beach, FL.

Nguyen, D.M., Carmody, K., Wildman, J.L., & Carroll, M. (2022). Developing a Dynamic Testbed: Designing for Trust in Complex Human-Agent Teams. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Human-Machine Systems, Orlando, FL.

Ficke, C., Carmody, K., Nguyen, D., Piasecki, I., Addis, A., Akib, M., Thayer, A. L., Wildman, J. L., & Carroll, M. (2022). Improving Measurement of Trust Dynamics in Human-Agent Teams. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, & Education Conference (I/ITSEC), Orlando, FL.

Carmody, K. & Carroll, M. (2022). Don’t judge a book by its coVR: Learning and training in virtual reality: The effects of two levels of immersion. Proceedings of the Interservice/ Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC), Orlando, Florida.

Chaparro Osman, M., Prior, T., Rebensky, S., Nakushian A., and Carroll M. (2022). Influencing IOT device user privacy behaviors: An empirical study. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (Vol. 66). Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA: SAGE Publications.

Carmody, K., Ficke, C., Nguyen, D., Addis, A., Rebensky, S., & Carroll, M. (2022). A qualitative analysis of trust dynamics in human-agent teams (HATS). Paper accepted by The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES), Atlanta, GA.

Chaparro Osman, M., Nakushian, A., Prior, T., Rebensky, S., & Carroll, M. (2022) User experience, knowledge, perceptions and behaviors associated with internet of things (IoT) device information security. Environments – Human Computer Interaction International.

Whitmer, D. E., Marraffino, M. D., Johnson, C. I., Namukasa, M., Carroll, M. B., Igwe, W. M., Yelencscis, G., & Nash. M. (2022, November). Flip it and reverse it: Does adaptive sequencing really work? [Poster]. Psychonomic Society Annual Meeting. Boston, MA.

Nguyen, D.M., Addis, A., Carmody, K., Ficke, C., Akib, M., Piasecki, I., Wildman, J.L, Carroll, M., & Thayer, A. (2022, July). A Multilevel Approach to Heterogeneous Human-Agent Team Trust Dynamics. Paper presented at the annual conference of the Interdisciplinary Network for Group Research, Hamburg, Germany.

Farelo, D.G., Bracaglia, L., Dailey, P., Tamrakar, S., Palladino, A., Carroll, M., & Valenti, A. (2022, April 3-7). An Adaptive Learning Model for Predicting and Analyzing Student Performance on Flight Training Tasks [Paper presentation]. SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing 2022, Orlando, Florida. https://spie.org/defense-commercial-sensing/presentation/An-adaptive-learning-model-for-predicting-and-analyzing-student-performance/12122-36?enableBackToBrowse=true

Carroll, M., Chaparro, M., Rebensky, S., Carmody, K., Mehta, R., & Pittorie, W. (2021). Adapting to the times: Examining adaptive instructional strategies in preferred and non-preferred class types. Human Computer Interaction International 2021.

Rebensky, S., Carmody, K., Ficke, C., Nguyen, D., Carroll, M., Wildman, J., & Thayer, A. (2021). Whoops! Something went wrong: Errors, trust, and trust repair strategies in human agent teaming. Human Computer Interaction International 2021.

Rebensky, S., Carroll, M., Nakushian, A., Chaparro, M., & Prior, T. (2021). Understanding the last line of defense: Human response to cybersecurity events. Human Computer Interaction International 2021.

Chaparro M., & Carroll M. (2021). Examining vigilance in a simulated unmanned aircraft system (UAS) monitoring task. Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2021).

Carroll, M. (2021) Location matters: How integrating electronic flight bag information into the aircraft panel impacts pilot response. [Conference Session]. 21st International Symposium of Aviation Psychology.

Chaparro, M., Sharma, V., Ficke, C., Carroll, M., Mehta, R., Wheeler, B., & Dayiaglo, B. (2021). Predicting pilot-in-training success in a private south eastern U.S. university. [Conference Session]. 21st International Symposium of Aviation Psychology.

Carroll, M., Wilt, D. F., & Sanchez, P. (2021). Recommended Training Practices to Prepare Pilots to Cope with Information Conflicts. In Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium of Aviation Psychology. (pp. 397-402).

Chauhan, B., & Carroll, M. (2021). Human factors considerations for urban air mobility. In Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium of Aviation Psychology. (pp. 7-12).

Pittorie, W., Rebensky, S., Hunt, L., Nakushian, A., Chaparro, M., & Carroll, M. (2021). Factors influencing pilot trust in electronic flight bag information. Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium of Aviation Psychology. (pp. 158-163).

Ebnali, M., Bailey, S., Ciccone, B., Wilson, R., Rebensky, S., Carroll, M., Bennett, W., Hu, X., Reiner, A., Vasquez, H., Wooldridge, A., Lee, L., Verma, P., Jeong, H., Gisick, L., French., Keebler, J. (2020). Virtual reality, augmented reality, and virtual environments: Demonstrations of current technologies and future directions. HFES 2020.

Rebensky, S., Chaparro, M., & Carroll, M. (2020). Optimizing the learning experience: Examining interactions between the individual learner and the learning context. In: Nazir S., Ahram T., Karwowski W. (eds) Advances in Human Factors in Training, Education, and Learning Sciences. Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics 2020. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1211. Springer, Cham

Carroll, M., Sanchez, P., Wilt, D., & Rebensky, S. (2020). Utilizing Simulation to Train

Decision Making with Conflicting Information. In: Cassenti D., Scataglini S., Rajulu S., Wright J. (eds) Advances in Simulation and Digital Human Modeling. Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics 2020. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1206. Springer, Cham.

Chaparro M., Carroll M., Hook J. (2020) Improving the Usability of a Digital Neurobehavioral Assessment. In: Ahram T., Falcão C. (eds) Advances in Usability, User Experience, Wearable and Assistive Technology. Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics 2020. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol 1217. Springer, Cham

Carroll, M., Rebensky, S., and Sanchez. (2020). Examining pilot response to cybersecurity events on the flight deck. Presentation at the 32nd National Training Aircraft Symposium, March 2 - 4, 2020, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida.

Rebensky, S., Carroll, M., & Chaparro, M. (2020). Examination of the impact of various training approaches on different UAS operator populations. National Training Aircraft Symposium. March 2-4, Daytona Beach, FL.

Scott, T., & Carroll, M. (2020). Pilot selection research gaps: What we do and don't know about "the right stuff". National Training Aircraft Symposium. March 2-4, Daytona Beach, FL.

Carroll, M., Wilt, D. F., Sanchez, P., & Carstens, D. (2019). Examining pilot decision making in information-rich cockpits. In Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium of Aviation Psychology. (pp. 73-78), Dayton, OH.

Pittorie, W., Carroll, M., & Carstens, D. (2019). Effects of Verbal vs Graphical Weather Information on a Pilot’s Decision Making during Preflight. In Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium of Aviation Psychology. (pp. 349-354). Dayton, OH.

Lindsey, S., Ganey, H.C. N., & Carroll, M. (2019). Designing military cockpits to support a broad range of personnel body sizes. Proceedings of The 20th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. May 7-10, Dayton.

Pittorie, W., Lindsey, S., Wilt, D. F., & Carroll, M. (2019). Low-Cost Simulator for Flight Crew Human-Factors Studies. In Proceedings of the AIAA Aviation and Aeronautics Forum and Exposition. Dallas, Texas.

Carroll M., Lindsey S., & Chaparro M. (2019). Integrating engagement inducing interventions into traditional, virtual and embedded learning environments. In Sottilare R., Schwarz J. (Eds.), Adaptive Instructional Systems. HCII 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11597. Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22341-0_22

Sanchez P.L. & Carroll M. B. (2019). Optimization of user interfaces in the digitization of paper-based processes: A case study of a mobile aviation application. In Marcus A., Wang W. (Eds.) Design, User Experience, and Usability. Practice and Case Studies. HCII 2019. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 11586. Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23535-2_40

Lindsey S., Carroll M., & Carstens D. (2019). Evaluation of the impact of mobile VR interaction methods on performance, preference, and enjoyment. In Stephanidis C. (eds) HCI International 2019 - Posters. HCII 2019. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 1033. Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23528-4_55

Carroll, M., Padron, C., Quinn, S., Surpris, G., Winslow, B., & Viklund, E. (2015). Effectiveness of process level feedback at training tactical decision making. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC) Annual Meeting. Orlando, FL.

Carroll, M., Surpris, G., Sidor, G., & Bennett, W. (2015). Evaluation of an eye tracking-based assessment and debrief tool for training next generation multirole tactical aviation skills. Proceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Aviation Psychology. Dayton, OH.

Carroll, M., Winslow, B., Padron, C., Surpris, G., Murphy, J., Wong, J. & Squire, P. (2014). Inducing stress in warfighters during simulation-based training. Proceedings of the Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation, and Education Conference (I/ITSEC) Annual Meeting. Orlando, FL.

B. Winslow, M. Carroll, D. Jones, F. Hannigan, K. Hale, K. Stanney, & P. Squire (2013). Quantifying resilience to enhance individualized training. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Las Vegas, NV.

Carroll, M., Strally, S., Surpris, G., Archer, M., & Bennett, W. (2013). Enhancing HMD-based Joint Strike Fighter training through integration of eye tracking and EEG Technology. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. July 2026, Las Vegas, NV.

Books and Book Chapters

Carroll,. M. (2023). Decision Making in Aviation. In J.R. Keebler, E.H. Lazzara, K.A. Wilson & E.L. Blickensderfer (Eds.), Human Factors in Aviation and Aerospace (3rd ed., pp. 563-588). Elsevier.

Carroll, M., Rebensky, S., Chaparro, M., & Deaton, J. (2023). Justification for use of simulation. In D. Vincenzi, M. Mouloua, and J. Wise (Eds.), Human Factors in Simulation and Training 2^nd Edition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Carroll, M., & Malmsquist, S. (2022). Resilient performance in aviation. In C. Nemeth & E. Hollnagel (Eds.) Advancing Resilient Performance. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74689-6_7

Stanney, K., Carroll, M., Champney, R., DeVore, L., & Hale, K. (2017). Virtual Environment Training Design: Pros, Cons, and Tailored Solutions. In Fundamental Issues in Defense Training and Simulation (pp. 169-178). CRC Press.

Stanney, K. M., Hale, K. S., Carroll, M. & Champney, R. (2015). Applied perception and virtual environment training systems. In J.L. Szalma, M. Scerbo, R. Parasuraman, P.A. Hancock, & R.R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Handbook of Applied Perception Research. Cambridge University Press.

Carroll, M., Johnston, M., & Hale, K. (2014). Visual perceptual skills training in virtual environments. In K.S. Hale (Ed.), Handbook of Virtual Environments: Designs, Implementations and Applications, 2nd Edition. Lawrence, Erlbaum Associates, Inc.: NY, NY.

Stanney, K., Carroll, M., Champney, R., DeVore, L., & Hale, K. (2013). Virtual environment training design: Pros, cons and tailored solutions. In C. Best, G. Galanis, J. Kerry, & R. Sottilare (Eds.), Fundamental Issues in Defense Training and Simulation. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.

Fuchs, S., Carpenter, A., Carroll, M. & Hale, K. (2011). A hierarchical adaptation framework for adaptive training systems. In D.D. Schmorrow & C.M. Fidopiastis (Eds.), Foundations of Augmented Cognition: Directing the Future of Adaptive Systems. LNAI 6780. (pp. 413-421). Springer: New York.

Champney, R., Milham, L. M., Carroll, M. B., Ahmad, A., Stanney, K. M., Cohn, J., & Muth, E. (2008). Conducting training transfer studies in complex operational environments. In D. Schmorrow, J. Cohn, & D. Nicholson (Eds.), The Handbook of Virtual Environment Training: Understanding, Predicting and Implementing Effective Training Solutions for Accelerated and Experiential Learning. Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing.

Milham, L. M., Carroll, M. B., Stanney, K. M., & Becker, W. (2008). Training requirements analysis. In D. Schmorrow, J. Cohn, & D. Nicholson (Eds.), The Handbook of Virtual Environment Training: Understanding, Predicting and Implementing Effective Training Solutions for Accelerated and Experiential Learning. Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing.

Recognition & Awards

2024 Faculty Excellence Award, Florida Tech Women Inspiring Success & Excellence

Best Paper Award, 3^rd International Conference on Adaptive Instructional Systems, 2021

Best Paper Award, 4^th International Conference on HCI in Cybersecurity, Privacy and Trust, 2022

Research

Dr. Carroll is currently funded by AFOSR, in collaboration with Florida Tech's Institute for Culture, Collaboration, and Management (ICCM), to develop a Multilevel Framework of Trust Dynamics in Human-Agent Teams (HATs) and associated unobtrusive measures of trust. The first year of the effort focused on a review of recent literature in the field and conceptualization of the theoretical framework that was validated in later experimentation, including experiments examining the influence of different characteristics of trust violations and repair strategies on agent trust, and how various compilational patterns of these events across agent teammates impacts trust in each agent and the team as a whole. Experimentation utilized the Multi-Agent Team Trust Emergence Research (MATTER) testbed, a testbed for multi-agent operations developed in collaboration with the AFRL's Gaming Research Integration for Learning Laboratory (GRILL), that simulates multiple autonomous aerial and ground vehicle agent teammates supporting participant performance in search and rescue missions. The outcomes of this project aim to inform the design, implementation and training of HAT agents and human teammates resulting in improved team dynamics, and increased team performance and mission effectiveness.

Dr. Carroll is currently funded through NASA Langley Research Center (NASA LaRC) to conduct user-centered design of a multi-vehicle ground control station for an Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) concept of operations. This research effort will include conduct of user needs analysis with operational users from NASA LaRC, and iterative design, prototype development and empirical evaluation of multi-vehicle control station design concepts.

Dr. Carroll is also currently funded through the Naval Air Warfare Center to study the effectiveness of adaptive training strategies that adapt flight simulator scenario difficulty based on performance and/or mental effort. Through a series of simulation-based experimental studies with pilot participants, the impact of various adaptive training strategies on learning gains and mental effort is being examined.

Dr. Carroll, in collaboration with Florida Tech's Cybersecurity department, was recently funded by ONR to examine educational approaches to engage and educate a more diverse cybersecurity workforce. The effort utilized a multi-disciplinary approach and team to develop, implement, and evaluate an exploratory pilot curriculum: an introductory cybersecurity training course for upper-level high school students with impactful STEM educational experiences. The course integrated instructional strategies shown efficacious for educating under represented minorities in STEM with fun and interactive Internet of Things (IoT) platforms, such as remote control cars and game boy emulators, to create meaningful learning experiences. The short course curriculum was empirically validated io improve cybersecurity knowledge and increase student self-efficacy and interest in under represented minorities, closing a pretraining gap that existed prior to students participating in the curriculum.

Research & Project Interests

Cognition and learning, tools and techniques related to:

Human Machine Teaming/Human Autonomy Teaming
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Interface Design
Advanced/Urban Air Mobility (AAM/UAM) Human Factors
Decision Making
Stress and Resilience
Learner Engagement
Adaptive Training
Cognitive and Affective State
Individual differences
Behavioral and Physiological Assessment
Return on Training Investment/Training Fidelity Analysis
Human Factors in Cybersecurity