References Kerns, R.D., Turk, D.C., & Rudy, T.E. (1985). The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI). Pain, 23, 345-56. Turk, D., & Melzack, R. (2001). Handbook of Pain Assessment. New York: Guilford Press.

Written by American Psychological Association, adapted by Juanita N Baker, Ph.D.